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  • The Minnesota Twins, Zach Duke and Best Practices


    Parker Hageman

    Thanks to KFAN’s Paul Lambert, who leaked out on Christmas morning that the Minnesota Twins and 34-year-old relief pitcher Zach Duke had reached an agreement, people like me spent the remainder of the holiday ignoring their family and going over scouting reports and video of Duke.

    On Tuesday, the Twins made it official, announcing they have signed Duke to a reported one-year, $2 million deal with a potential to earn another $1.5 million with performance bonuses. As far as free agent relief arms go, it’s a modest sum and notably less than the $5 million per year deal he signed with the White Sox three years ago.

    On the surface, a one-year contract to a Tommy John surviving journeyman left-handed reliever who can’t crack 90 appears uninspired. However, if you look closer, there is the possibility this becomes a very savvy, very valuable move by this front office.

    Image courtesy of Jeff Curry-USA TODAY Sports

    Twins Video

    When Duke transitioned into a reliever, he noticed that the majority of the bullpenners were chucking mid-90s heat. Duke never averaged a season over 90 miles per hour in his entire career. He needed something that would help him get hitters out, he needed deception. It was while with the Brewers, Duke began occasionally dropping his arm slot and alternating from a three-quarter and sidearm look.

    Sometimes hitters got his normal look…

    CpPQdNw.gif

    ...And sometimes they got his drop-down slot.

    KcNBory.gif

    It launched his best statistical season of his career. Duke’s ground ball rate shot up to near 60 percent and he struck out over 30 percent of hitters faced. That offseason, the Chicago White Sox signed him to a three-year, $15 million deal. Duke continued to post those solid numbers (with an unfortunate spike in home runs allowed with Chicago but, hey, it’s windy there) and he was ultimately traded to St. Louis where he tore his UCL and required Tommy John surgery in October 2016.

    Written off for the 2017 season, Duke made a hard-charge comeback from the surgery and was back in the Cardinals’ bullpen by the end of July of this past year -- a little over ten months removed from his UCL rebuild. The 266 recovery days is the shortest turnaround in the Tommy John era.

    If Duke is healthy -- and his medical tests by the Minnesota Twins prior to signing a one-year deal suggests that he is -- there is no reason to think that he cannot replicate a similar level of production as he provided the Brewers, White Sox and Cardinals.

    That being said, there is a way Duke might actually be *better* going forward because of this one simple fact: He has been infinity better when throwing from the lower arm slot.

    The numbers, courtesy of Statcast, between Duke’s regular three-quarter slot and his sidearm slot are stark. Since 2015, Statcast has tracked 2,351 pitches from him -- 1,249 have been thrown from the three-quarter slot (53%) and 1,023 (44%) were thrown from the sidearm slot. Now, take a look at the difference in results:

    Zach Duke.PNG

    That’s huge. Everything from the lower arm slot is getting better results: More ground balls, more strikeouts, less solid contact. Imagine instead of saying “Three-Quarter” and “Sidearm” that chart said “Pitcher A” and “Pitcher B”. Wouldn’t you want to have “Pitcher B” on the mound for you? Given the data, it makes one wonder why Duke wouldn’t transition to the lower arm slot full-time.

    Some would argue that Duke’s multiple and varied arm slots actually enhances his lower arm slot -- something like throwing a fastball from the three-quarter slot sets up his slider from down below. The logic is that with the variation, hitters will have to look for a wider release window for the pitch. However, hitters appear to be able to pick up the ball fairly effortlessly from the three-quarter slot so it is safe to assume that Duke’s lower arm slot is not enhancing his three-quarter slot (or, if it is, marginally so).

    In many ways, asking Duke to favor the sidearm slot is akin to the development teams have had over the last few seasons of encouraging pitchers to lean heavily on their breaking balls. According to Fangraphs, Yankees pitchers threw a league-low 44% fastballs last season. Not far behind them were the Indians, Rays and Astros -- all forward-thinking, data-driven front offices. Hitters made more contact against fastballs. They were having more success against that pitch. Why not have your pitchers throw their best pitch more often?

    Same thing should be asked about Duke. Why not focus on pitching the way which provided the most success?

    Duke’s deception isn’t that he gives them different looks. His deception is releasing the ball from an angle that hitters don’t see that often. In 2017, there were 180 left-handed pitchers who released the ball within the similar vertical window as Duke did from three-quarter slot. There were just 43 who threw from the same vertical window as he did from the sidearm slot -- and most of those pitchers did it less than a handful of times. In the first group hitters saw 154,000 pitches come from that angle. From the latter, they saw just 6,200.

    The more you dig into the numbers, the clearer it is that Duke should be throwing from the lower slot at a higher rate than he has been in the past. Save the three-quarter slot to mess with a hitter’s vision.

    This Twins have beefed up their front office, including adding Josh Kalk (a pitching data pioneer in the PitchFX era) to the analytics team, and have plenty of sharp individuals who have reviewed this exact data and possibly came to the same conclusion. If the organization’s analytics arm actually identified this potential, ran it by the decision-makers, and they were able to secure a low-cost reliever who has a decent upside with a minor modification, that would be a super savvy maneuver never seen in these parts.

    Either way, even if they don’t get Duke to reduce his reliance on the three-quarter arm slot, the Twins still have themselves a decent bullpen arm at a substantially low cost.

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    Just like Breslow's increased spin rate we heard about last year,I'm sure just like Terry Ryan's signings, one of these will work. Just after losing several players by removing them from the 40 man roster and through rule 5,I had hopes for an aggressive off season. This move and the whole off season looks like they are not planning to contend this year and are building for 2019.

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    Don't know how to really put this, but here goes anyway:

     

    Looking at a small sample size of 2 videos [OK, just being too lazy to look it up :-) ] 

    is Duke's use of the side-arm delivery vs. lefties screwing the stats? 

     

    Hey, teach Duke how to throw a screwball against righties! 

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    Don't know how to really put this, but here goes anyway:

     

    Looking at a small sample size of 2 videos [OK, just being too lazy to look it up :-) ] 

    is Duke's use of the side-arm delivery vs. lefties screwing the stats? 

     

    Hey, teach Duke how to throw a screwball against righties! 

     

    No, he dropped down versus right-handed batters too. Had better numbers vs RHB out of the low slot as well.

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    Just like Breslow's increased spin rate we heard about last year,I'm sure just like Terry Ryan's signings, one of these will work. Just after losing several players by removing them from the 40 man roster and through rule 5,I had hopes for an aggressive off season. This move and the whole off season looks like they are not planning to contend this year and are building for 2019.

     

    First, not at all like that. In Breslow's case, he was trying to find a thing that had success. Duke already has that thing. 

    Second, comparing Breslow to Duke is silly. Even during his best years, Breslow never put up the kind of secondary numbers that Duke did as a reliever. 

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    Yawn.  Another exciting off season move.  Every team brings in a variety of arms and bats to spring training and hopes that somebody works out.  This is an uninspiring move, but typical of every team.  The problem in this not very hot stove league is that we do not have anything to really latch on to so mediocre signings like this rise to higher levels of interest.

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    Nitpicking, but

     

     

     

    The 266 recovery days is the shortest turnaround in the Tommy John era.

     

    Should read it is the 9th shortest turnaround for a Major League pitcher in the Tommy John era.

     

    It is the shortest, for a professional pitcher, the last 10 seasons or so. Casey Crosby, a high schooler returned after 262 days.

     

    Data in the linked article that is utterly confused and confusing on the subject...

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    Yawn.  Another exciting off season move.  Every team brings in a variety of arms and bats to spring training and hopes that somebody works out.  This is an uninspiring move, but typical of every team.  The problem in this not very hot stove league is that we do not have anything to really latch on to so mediocre signings like this rise to higher levels of interest.

     

     

    I'm not quite sure what the point of your comment is, unless it's to show us that cynicism is alive and well. Unlike you, I found it to be an interesting decision and move. I think Parker's thesis regarding their thinking makes a lot of sense. And I'm all for seeing Boshers audition for a role in the pen. For someone else.

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    Nitpicking, but

     

     

     

     

    Should read it is the 9th shortest turnaround for a Major League pitcher in the Tommy John era.

     

    It is the shortest, for a professional pitcher, the last 10 seasons or so. Casey Crosby, a high schooler returned after 262 days.

     

    Data in the linked article that is utterly confused and confusing on the subject...

     

    That's in reference to the professional pitchers in the "modern" Tommy John era from his 2006-2016 chart. 

     

    Personally, I probably wouldn't include Crosby on the list other than as an asterisk considering he was returning to HS ball. It's impressive, no doubt, but the level which a pitcher needs to return to at the HS level vs professional level is vastly different. 

     

    If we really need to nitpick, it probably should be read as 8th fastest in the Tommy John era.

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    Could be savvy. Could be Breslow-like. What I don't like is the targeting of a guy where there's a reason he's cheap. Maybe that's all they can do at this point, but I vote "meh" on the process to arrive at him given what else is available.

     

    But what if you are signing a guy who is cheap and also just plain good? And -- AND -- has the opportunity to be even better?

     

    Take a look at the difference over the last three seasons between Jake McGee (who just got a 3 year, $27M deal from the Rockies and Zach Duke: LINK

     

    With the exception of the saves (wanking motion), Duke has actually been better than McGee. And he's added more to his team's ledger than McGee (1.78 Wins Probability Added vs 1.56 for McGee). 

     

    I realize celebrating the idea that the Pohlad's are pinching pennies is lame -- and I'd rather have ballplayers make the money they deserve -- however Duke is clearly going to come at a discount because of his recent surgery, age (35 vs 31), and radar gun readings (89 vs 95 MPH). In the end, Duke has proven that he can get hitters out as effectively (or even more) than McGee. If you are looking at the deal through that lens then the deal looks pretty good. And that is even before the team layers on any changes and insight like increasing the amount of lower arm angle pitches that could make his overall numbers better. 

     

    Without question Duke may flop. He's aging, post-TJ, and the volatility of relievers from year to year often is one big game of Russian roulette. 

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    I like the move. Trevor Hildenberger has shown at the MLB level for the Twins that multiple arm slots/deception can be just as effective as velocity.  

     

    Does this move put Boshers on the 40 man bubble if another move is to be made? Can anyone recall if Boshers has options remaining and if not do you think this hurts his chances of remaining in the organization? 

     

    Does a lower release point put more strain on elbow? Did it contribute to the ligament tear?

     

    Pros: Prior results, relatively cheap (2 million with 1.5 million more incentives), 1 year deal

    Cons: Injury history, age.

     

    From a cost benefit I think the Twins will be fine. If he is not producing he can be DFA and one of the other 26 or so pitchers on the 40 man can move up.

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    I don't care if a reliever is paid 3 years at 27 Million or 1 year at 2 Million. I only care if the player produces and I think it's quite possible that Sir Duke produces. I'm happy with the signing. 

     

    I just want arms that can hang zeros regardless of the contract.

     

    In my personal quest for an elite bullpen... Duke could fit nicely... my primary concern right now is using one of the 7 or 8 bullpen spots on:

     

    A Rule 5 guy

    A Couple of spots on guys (Pressly, Duffey) that we hope turn it around. 

    A couple of spots on guys who are heading into a sophomore season with sustained success yet to be proved. 

     

    I'm not suggesting that we shouldn't be giving Hildenberger or Pressly a job. Just suggesting that when you add the totals up... you are hoping that a lot goes right. 

     

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    But what if you are signing a guy who is cheap and also just plain good? And -- AND -- has the opportunity to be even better?

     

    Take a look at the difference over the last three seasons between Jake McGee (who just got a 3 year, $27M deal from the Rockies and Zach Duke: LINK

     

    With the exception of the saves (wanking motion), Duke has actually been better than McGee. And he's added more to his team's ledger than McGee (1.78 Wins Probability Added vs 1.56 for McGee). 

     

    I realize celebrating the idea that the Pohlad's are pinching pennies is lame -- and I'd rather have ballplayers make the money they deserve -- however Duke is clearly going to come at a discount because of his recent surgery, age (35 vs 31), and radar gun readings (89 vs 95 MPH). In the end, Duke has proven that he can get hitters out as effectively (or even more) than McGee. If you are looking at the deal through that lens then the deal looks pretty good. And that is even before the team layers on any changes and insight like increasing the amount of lower arm angle pitches that could make his overall numbers better. 

     

    Without question Duke may flop. He's aging, post-TJ, and the volatility of relievers from year to year often is one big game of Russian roulette. 

     

    I get all of this. But all of this is based on hope, too. That's why the price is what it is.

     

    I don't want a playoff team trying to improve themselves based on this hope. I want the (theoretical) surer (or higher upside) thing.

     

    Addison Reed, Brandon Morrow, Mike Minor, Juan Nicasio, Wade Davis, Bryan Shaw, Jake McGee as you mentioned, Steve Cishek, Greg Holland, Brandon Kintzler, Tommy Hunter, Pat Neshek...

     

    There's that list off the top of my head going into free agency and probably just as many others I would have put higher up my list than a guy like Duke. Money is the last thing they should be worrying about right now. 

     

    Now, if they do manage to lure Darvish, this signing won't even register for me. That's why it's "meh." it only has the hope that it works as the best possible case you've outlined. My best-case scenario is he replaces Matt Belisle's role before Kintzler was traded, and I've been saying Belisle isn't worth bringing back because they can do better.

     

    So...the Twins should do better.

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    Does this move put Boshers on the 40 man bubble if another move is to be made? Can anyone recall if Boshers has options remaining and if not do you think this hurts his chances of remaining in the organization?

    If Boshers wasn't already on the bubble, he is there now. He does have one option year remaining, by virtue of spending fewer than 20 days on optional assignment in 2016. (He did use option years in 2014 and 2017.)

     

    I suspect he is DFA'd if they make another MLB signing without an accompanying MLB trade. Although it is possible there are no more MLB signings, and he could survive until the end of spring training if not longer.

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    Addison Reed, Brandon Morrow, Mike Minor, Juan Nicasio, Wade Davis, Bryan Shaw, Jake McGee as you mentioned, Steve Cishek, Greg Holland, Brandon Kintzler, Tommy Hunter, Pat Neshek...

     

    There's that list off the top of my head going into free agency and probably just as many others I would have put higher up my list than a guy like Duke. Money is the last thing they should be worrying about right now.

     

     

    See, that's the problem. When you actually look at the results from those guys on the list you would find that Zach Duke has been as good or an even better pitcher than most of the dozen you have mentioned. 

     

    Over the last three years Duke has had the same expected FIP (3.71) as Nicasio (3.71) and Neshek (3.71) and better xFIP than Cishek (3.84), Holland (3.93), McGee (3.94) and Kintzler (3.97). 

     

    Over the last three years Duke has averaged a higher percentage of strikeouts (24.9%) than McGee (24.8), Cishek (24.4), Shaw (23.0), Morrow (22.3), Hunter (21.8) and Kintzler (14.8). 

     

    Over the last three years Duke has had a better swinging strike rate (11%) than Hunter (10.6), Nicasio (10.5), Cishek (10.3), McGee (9.8), Kintzler (6.4).

     

    Over the last three years Duke has had a ground ball rate (57.4%) higher than everyone but Kintzler (58.2%). 

     

    Now, if you look back over the last four years (since 2014), Duke's numbers are even better... 

     

    In that time, Duke's xFIP (3.23) is better than everyone's except Wade Davis (2.96).

     

    In that time, Duke's GB% (57.5) is just barely under Kintzler's (57.8). 

     

    In that time, Duke's K% (26.7) is better than everyone's except McGee (27.4), Holland (31.3) and Davis (33.0).

     

    In that time, Duke's hard hit ball% (24.1) is lower than everyone's except Shaw (21.7).

     

    There is a lot to like about Duke. There is also a lot to be wary of -- like the high walk rate, the higher home run rate, and the low velocity (lowest fastball velocity out of any of those guys). But you can't deny that Duke hasn't been successful. When you compare him to the group you presented, it's a sneaky good signing! 

     

    Look at the years (more important to me) and dollars those guys got: Morrow (2 yr, $21M), Minor (3 yr, $28M), Hunter (2 yr, $18M), Shaw (3 yr, $27M), McGee (3 yr, $27M), Neshek (2 yr, $16.5M), Cishek (2 yr, $6.5M), and Kintzler (2 yr, $10M). Davis and Holland will likely wind up with massive deals.  If I'm the Twins, I would certainly settle for the similar results as these guys are likely going to produce at a one-year deal. If I'm the Twins, I'm more excited about the arms developing in my system.  

     

    This is an understandably unsexy signing but it's not a "Craig Breslow" signing. Duke is far from perfect and obviously a risk at his age and injury history, but when you look at the numbers, he's a much better option than first glance. 

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    See, that's the problem. When you actually look at the results from those guys on the list you would find that Zach Duke has been as good or an even better pitcher than most of the dozen you have mentioned.

     

    Over the last three years Duke

    There's the rub -- it's not clear that Duke is the same pitcher as he was 2015-2016. I guess $2 mil isn't a bad bet on it, but at the same time I understand those that think the Twins should be aiming higher than a bet on returning to form. (Seems like they are perpetually making such commitments in the pen, and haven't had a whole lot of success in that regard.)

     

    Personally, I don't mind the Duke signing, although paired with the Rodney signing, it does feel a little underwhelming. A little too close to past marginal vets who got locked into spots they didn't really justify based on results/trust. If they can use their remaining resources to make a serious rotation upgrade, though, it won't matter so much.

    Edited by spycake
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    See, that's the problem. When you actually look at the results from those guys on the list you would find that Zach Duke has been as good or an even better pitcher than most of the dozen you have mentioned. 

     

    Over the last three years Duke has had the same expected FIP (3.71) as Nicasio (3.71) and Neshek (3.71) and better xFIP than Cishek (3.84), Holland (3.93), McGee (3.94) and Kintzler (3.97). 

     

    Over the last three years Duke has averaged a higher percentage of strikeouts (24.9%) than McGee (24.8), Cishek (24.4), Shaw (23.0), Morrow (22.3), Hunter (21.8) and Kintzler (14.8). 

     

    Over the last three years Duke has had a better swinging strike rate (11%) than Hunter (10.6), Nicasio (10.5), Cishek (10.3), McGee (9.8), Kintzler (6.4).

     

    Over the last three years Duke has had a ground ball rate (57.4%) higher than everyone but Kintzler (58.2%). 

     

    Now, if you look back over the last four years (since 2014), Duke's numbers are even better... 

     

    In that time, Duke's xFIP (3.23) is better than everyone's except Wade Davis (2.96).

     

    In that time, Duke's GB% (57.5) is just barely under Kintzler's (57.8). 

     

    In that time, Duke's K% (26.7) is better than everyone's except McGee (27.4), Holland (31.3) and Davis (33.0).

     

    In that time, Duke's hard hit ball% (24.1) is lower than everyone's except Shaw (21.7).

     

    There is a lot to like about Duke. There is also a lot to be wary of -- like the high walk rate, the higher home run rate, and the low velocity (lowest fastball velocity out of any of those guys). But you can't deny that Duke hasn't been successful. When you compare him to the group you presented, it's a sneaky good signing! 

     

    Look at the years (more important to me) and dollars those guys got: Morrow (2 yr, $21M), Minor (3 yr, $28M), Hunter (2 yr, $18M), Shaw (3 yr, $27M), McGee (3 yr, $27M), Neshek (2 yr, $16.5M), Cishek (2 yr, $6.5M), and Kintzler (2 yr, $10M). Davis and Holland will likely wind up with massive deals.  If I'm the Twins, I would certainly settle for the similar results as these guys are likely going to produce at a one-year deal. If I'm the Twins, I'm more excited about the arms developing in my system.  

     

    This is an understandably unsexy signing but it's not a "Craig Breslow" signing. Duke is far from perfect and obviously a risk at his age and injury history, but when you look at the numbers, he's a much better option than first glance. 

     

    Spycake echoes my thoughts.

     

    This post is great information, but those are still the results you're hoping for, not what can be expected in the point of his career where Duke is.

     

    I don't have much of a problem with it outside of what I've already said. There's not a years or big $ commitment. You don't lose anything if it doesn't work out, and it might work out as you outline. I hope it does.

     

    Not a bad gamble. But it's just a gamble on a middle reliever instead of aiming higher like I think they should, which is an elite setup man that could bump everyone else down a notch to improve across the board.

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    There's the rub -- it's not clear that Duke is the same pitcher as he was 2015-2016.

     

     

    Right. Which happens to a lot of pitchers, and a lot of them on the previous list as well were gambles at one time. Neshek, Hunter, Holland, Kintzler and Morrow all recently had one-year deals to prove they could return to form. Now, after doing so, they are getting massive deals and we're pining over why the Twins didn't sign them. 

     

    All pitchers are a gamble to some degree. It's possible that Duke picks up where he left off at the end of 2017 and continues to produce at that level. It's possible his arm falls off tomorrow. However, I believe with an offseason to recover and with the potential to improve his methodology, he can regain and rebound to his pre-TJ days.

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    Right. Which happens to a lot of pitchers, and a lot of them on the previous list as well were gambles at one time. Neshek, Hunter, Holland, Kintzler and Morrow all recently had one-year deals to prove they could return to form. Now, after doing so, they are getting massive deals and we're pining over why the Twins didn't sign them.

    Except for Holland, those guys all signed minor league deals in their comebacks, so there was less risk than Duke, who is guaranteed $2 mil and a roster spot already. Kintzler even had an extra year of club control remaining. I wouldn't mind targeting one of those projects, and ostensibly keeping Duke's or Rodney's spot open to do it.

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    Except for Holland, those guys all signed minor league deals in their comebacks, so there was less risk than Duke, who is guaranteed $2 mil and a roster spot already. Kintzler even had an extra year of club control remaining.

     

    Because Duke actually worked his way back in 2017 he's less of a gamble than the guys that required minor league contracts (not less of an investment risk, mind you) and more probable to get back to his pre-TJ performance. So it is understandable why he got a major league deal. 

     

    To be fair, I do believe the Twins will still sign a few projects to minor league deals -- Jake Petricka might be one of those guys.  

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    Because Duke actually worked his way back in 2017 he's less of a gamble than the guys that required minor league contracts (not less of an investment risk, mind you) and more probable to get back to his pre-TJ performance. So it is understandable why he got a major league deal.

     

    To be fair, I do believe the Twins will still sign a few projects to minor league deals -- Jake Petricka might be one of those guys.

    Agreed. I didn't mean to imply that Duke was a worse deal than those, just that it was a little different and maybe not quite the bin the Twins should be focused on, with Rodney already under contract.

     

    Hopefully we do see some upside projects signed, but it might be difficult now that most pen spots are locked in. It seems we have about 7 guys who should be guaranteed a spot, and that's not even counting Busenitz or May.

    Edited by spycake
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    What pitcher is the same pitcher as he was last year? Very few. Maybe we get lucky. I really think it is foolish for these guys to push the clock and the healing for a couple of months of pitching that has more of a chance to do harm than good.

     

    The positive thing about all the pitching considerations...... is that Perkins hasn't come up, eh? 

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